The Lean Instinct Formula™ | A Neuroscience Model for Food Noise and Weight Loss
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Lean Instinct Formula™

Why the Most Disciplined People
Still Can’t Solve This

You’ve built a career on execution. You make decisions that move companies, manage teams, close deals. Discipline has never been the issue. And yet food — this one thing — operates outside your control. The Lean Instinct Formula™ explains why. And it explains what to do about it — without medication, without restriction, without willpower.

In over 400 conversations with high-performing professionals, I’ve heard the same question. They don’t always say it directly, but it’s there — underneath every story about the nutritionist who didn’t work, the keto phase, the Noom subscription, the therapist who helped with everything except this.

The question is:

I have all the discipline and willpower and ability to do anything I want. Why can I not solve this?

It’s a reasonable question. These are women who run surgical units, manage venture portfolios, build companies from nothing. They’ve solved harder problems than this. So what’s different?

The answer is counterintuitive, and it’s the foundation of everything I teach:

Your discipline isn’t failing you here. It’s working against you. The very qualities that make you exceptional — execution, control, the ability to force outcomes — are actively deepening the food problem every time you apply them. Willpower, tracking, restriction, white-knuckling through cravings — each one reinforces the neurological patterns that keep the struggle in place.

This isn’t a discipline problem. It’s a wiring problem. And you cannot fix wiring with effort.

Why Everything Else Fails

The problems you’re trying to solve
aren’t the real problems.

How do I resist the craving? How do I stop eating at night? How do I track food more carefully? How do I talk myself out of reaching for the chocolate?

Every program you’ve tried answered one of those questions. And every program failed — not because you failed at execution, but because those questions are irrelevant.

They are downstream symptoms. The cravings, the overeating, the loss of control, the food obsession — these are not the problem. They are reflections of the problem. They exist because the upstream wiring that generates them is still running.

Think of a faucet. Water is flooding the floor. Most programs hand you a bucket. Some hand you a better bucket. Some hand you a mop. Nobody walks upstream and turns off the faucet.

The dieting industry targets calories. Therapy often targets emotional meaning. GLP-1 medications target appetite pharmacologically.

But the behavioral pattern system underneath — the three interacting neurological systems that generate the food behavior — remains unchanged. That’s why disciplined people relapse. That’s why diets collapse. That’s why medication only works while taken.

In Lean Instinct Formula™, we don’t even talk about weight loss. We address the upstream wiring. When that changes, every downstream symptom — the cravings, the overeating, the obsession, the weight — resolves simultaneously. Not one by one. All at once. Because there was only ever one problem.

UPSTREAM — THE WIRING Three root neurological patterns driving all food behavior generates DOWNSTREAM — THE SYMPTOMS Cravings Overeating Food obsession Weight gain Bingeing Night eating Sugar addiction Shame Fix the wiring. Every symptom resolves simultaneously.
The Real Problem

You don’t have a dozen problems.
You have three — and they’re driving everything.

Three root patterns operating on different levels, all pushing in the same direction. Until all three are resolved, the symptoms keep regenerating — no matter how hard you try.

The Vicious Cycle Breakdown 01 Broken Sensory Patterns Satiety signals distorted. Taste buds recalibrated toward sugar & processed food. Texture & volume perception shifted. You can’t sense when to stop. 02 Hijacked Cravings & Dopamine Thoughts mislabeled as cravings. D2/D3 receptors downregulated. Sugar addiction cycle. Impulsivity conditioned by years of repetition. 03 Identity & Predictive Coding Decades of accumulated data → self-perception → brain predicts the same outcome. Same decisions, same choices, same environment. Repeated programming. THE DAILY REALITY EATING Overeating without realizing Bingeing episodes Finishing the plate every time Night eating CRAVINGS Sugar addiction Can’t resist when food is present Constant food thoughts 3+ hours/day thinking about food WEIGHT & IDENTITY Weight gain despite effort Shame spirals after eating Dreading social events “I’ve tried everything”
01

Broken Sensory Patterns

Why you consistently overeat without realizing it — and why your body can’t tell you what it actually needs.

Most people in the United States don’t actually know what hunger and fullness feel like. That sounds extreme. It isn’t.

I ask every person I speak to the same question: on a scale of 1 to 5 — where 1 is comfortable and 5 is bloated, stretched, physically stressed — where do you typically land after a regular meal? People who tell me they don’t overeat will say 3 or 4. Sometimes higher.

Here’s the part they don’t expect: if you were eating to the point of actual fullness — real satiety, not overfullness — you wouldn’t feel stressed at all. A 3 or 4 means you’ve already overshot without realizing it. There’s a gap between what your body actually needs and what your body has been conditioned to accept as normal.

That gap forms through two different roads that lead to the same destination.

Road one: chronic overindulging. Years of eating past fullness stretches the stomach’s elasticity. The threshold keeps rising. What used to feel like “enough” now feels like nothing. The physical sensation of fullness has been recalibrated upward — so you eat 130% or more of what your body needs, consistently, without any conscious awareness that you’re overeating.1

Road two: chronic dieting. This is the opposite behavior but produces the same result. Years of counting calories, tracking macros, following external rules — you’ve been trained to override your body’s signals in favor of numbers on a chart. The data replaces the sensation. Over time, you lose the ability to sense what your body is actually telling you, because you were taught to ignore it.2

In neuroscience, the ability to sense your body’s internal states — hunger, fullness, thirst, fatigue — is called interoception. It’s the system that lets you know what your body needs before your conscious mind gets involved.3

Chronic dieting appears to dampen this system. When you spend years following external rules about when, what, and how much to eat, the interoceptive signals weaken. You’ve overridden them so many times that the channel goes quiet. The signal isn’t gone — it’s buried.

But satiety is only one layer. Your entire sensory relationship with food has been distorted. Your taste buds have recalibrated — years of processed and sugar-heavy eating have shifted what “normal” tastes like. Foods that should taste overwhelming taste baseline. Your default preference has drifted toward the sweetest, most processed options because that’s where the recalibrated threshold now sits. The textures you seek, the volumes you need to feel satisfied, the types of food you instinctively reach for — all of it has been quietly reprogrammed by years of abnormal eating patterns.

Then add impulsivity. I ask people: what percentage of the time do you finish the plate, even past the point you feel full? The answer is usually 90 to 100 percent. The justification is always the same — “I was raised not to waste food.” But if you genuinely cared about not wasting food, you wouldn’t have put that much on the plate to begin with. What’s actually happening is a conditioned impulse: the scarcity mindset created by years of dieting drives a “finish everything” compulsion that has nothing to do with values and everything to do with pattern.

So you have multiple forces driving you in the same direction. A physical distortion of satiety — you can’t feel when to stop. A sensory recalibration — you’re drawn to the wrong foods in the wrong amounts by default. And a psychological impulsivity — you wouldn’t stop even if you could feel it. All three are operating simultaneously, reinforcing each other.

“I didn’t realize I was overeating. I thought that was just what full felt like.”
— Client, VP of Product, Series C startup
What Lean Instinct Formula™ Does Restore the full sensory system. Rebuild your body’s ability to accurately sense hunger and satiety — so the right amount of food becomes the obvious, comfortable amount. Recalibrate your taste buds so that your default preferences shift back toward what your body actually needs. Foods that once felt irresistible begin to taste overly sweetened, overly processed — your palate returns to its natural baseline. Not through counting. Not through rules. Through recalibrating the physical sensation itself, so that eating the right amount of the right food feels natural, not forced.
02

Hijacked Cravings & the Dopamine Trap

Why you can’t stop thinking about the chocolate — and why resistance makes it worse.

I ask everyone: during a typical day, how many times do you find yourself thinking about a snack outside of your regular meals? Not eating it — just thinking about it.

Most people say “a couple of times.” Then we get precise. Is it 3? 5? 7? 9? Often it’s 5 or more times per day. Every day.

The next question: over the past 10 days, when those thoughts came up and the food was available — what percentage of the time did you go for it?

80%. 90%. Some say 100%.

That means for 8 or 9 out of 10 instances, you eat it — whether you’re hungry or not — simply because it’s there. You’re not making a decision. You’re a victim of circumstance. Walk into a kitchen, a restaurant, a break room — if the food is present, the behavior follows. That’s not a discipline failure. That’s a conditioned response.

Here’s the difference between you and me. When I think about chocolate, my brain labels it as a thought. A fleeting, neutral thought. It comes. It passes. I might eat the chocolate later. I might not. It doesn’t matter.

Your brain labels the same thought as a craving.

The moment that mislabeling happens — before you’ve eaten anything, before you’ve even stood up — your brain has already triggered the full craving cascade. The urgency. The resistance. The internal negotiation. And then the collapse.

You tell yourself you can’t have it. The more you resist, the more you want it. You resist harder. You want it more. Eventually you give in. And you have years — sometimes 10, 20, 30 years — of accumulated data where this exact sequence repeats every single day.

That accumulated data becomes what neuroscience calls predictive coding — the brain’s mechanism for generating expectations based on prior experience and then driving behavior to match those expectations.4 Your brain has built a prediction: “When I encounter this food, I will lose control.” That prediction isn’t a fear. It’s a self-perception. And self-perception is the benchmark your brain uses to project future behavior.

A core principle across psychology and neuroscience is that the brain tends to preserve consistency between self-perception and behavior. When there’s a contradiction, the brain bends the behavior to match the belief.5 If your accumulated belief is “I have no self-control with food,” your brain will manufacture exactly that behavior — not because you’re weak, but because consistency is how the nervous system operates.

Food thought mislabeled as craving triggers Resistance → collapse reinforces Predictive code: “I always give in” drives

Underneath the mislabeling sits a deeper mechanism: the dopaminergic system itself.

Your brain has dopamine receptors — D2 and D3 — responsible for generating and regulating the internal release of dopamine, the neurotransmitter that drives feelings of pleasure, motivation, and reward. When you chronically overconsume sugar, your brain receives overwhelming surges of dopamine from that external source. In response, D2 and D3 receptors downregulate — they reduce the brain’s own internal dopamine production.6

Now you’re producing less dopamine naturally. The baseline drops. You feel less motivated, less satisfied, less happy — and your brain, which has learned to associate sugar with dopamine, drives you to seek more. You eat more sugar. The external surge arrives. The internal production drops further. The gap widens.

This mirrors the mechanism observed in substance addiction.7 It’s not a metaphor. The receptor-level overlap is well documented.

And the avoidance strategies that every program teaches — banning the food from your kitchen, telling yourself you can’t have it, white-knuckling past the craving — make it worse. Research on fear and anxiety consistently shows that avoidance tends to maintain and strengthen the very responses it’s meant to eliminate.8 The same dynamic applies here: when you avoid the food, you’re not reducing the craving. You’re enacting the consequence (avoidance) while reinforcing the cause (the fear and anxiety). Every act of deprivation strengthens the exact emotional architecture that produces the compulsion.

“It feels like a bottle of water when I’m not thirsty.”
— Client describing the chocolate on her kitchen counter, 5 weeks into Lean Instinct Formula™
What Lean Instinct Formula™ Does Disrupt the mislabeling at the source. A thought about food becomes a thought again — not a craving. Recalibrate the dopamine system so internal production restores and the dependency on external sugar-driven surges dissolves. Dismantle the predictive coding by generating new data — new experiences where you encounter the food and nothing happens. No urge. No negotiation. No collapse. When your brain accumulates enough of that new data, the old prediction rewrites itself. The craving response stops being triggered — not because you’re avoiding it, but because you’re no longer triggered.
03

The Dieter Identity & the Missing Blueprint

Why two women at the same weight can live in completely different realities — and why identity determines which one you inhabit.

Take two women. Same weight — 130 pounds. Same age. Same height. Probably the same job in the same city. Their lives are completely different.

Person A eats freely. She has full satisfaction, total food freedom, a naturally maintained body. Food is a non-event in her day. She doesn’t think about it between meals. She doesn’t calculate. She doesn’t negotiate with herself.

Person B fights every single day just to stay where she is. She carries anxiety about every social event. She dreads dinners. She’s either white-knuckling a plan or in free-fall. And despite all that effort, she is one holiday weekend away from gaining 10 pounds.

Same scale number. Opposite lives. Why?

Identity.

Person A identifies as a holistically healthy person for whom food freedom is normal. Person B identifies as a dieter — someone for whom food is a permanent battle. And the dieter identity is not just a label. It’s a complete package. When you enter that identity, the entire experience comes bundled: the fear, the restriction, the overindulgence, the scarcity mentality, the self-sabotage. You can’t choose one piece without the rest. You cannot embark on one dimension and hope to arrive at the other.

The principle is the same one driving Pattern 2: the brain tends to preserve consistency between self-perception and behavior.5 When there’s a contradiction, the brain bends the behavior to match the belief.

When your fundamental belief is “I am a dieter” — when that’s the accumulated self-perception built from 20 or 30 years of lived experience — your brain will generate every behavior that matches. The fear around food. The cycles of restriction and overindulgence. The inability to trust your body. The compulsive tracking and micromanaging. These aren’t character flaws. They’re your nervous system enforcing consistency with the belief it holds.

And when you’re micromanaging, tracking, depriving — when you refuse to trust your body — how would you expect your body’s natural pattern and instinct to activate? You’re suppressing the very system you need.

This is where my background becomes relevant — not because of genetics, but because of what it proves about identity.

I grew up in 1980s and 1990s China, where virtually everyone I knew ate freely, never counted a calorie, rarely went to a gym, and stayed naturally lean. Food freedom was the cultural default. My foundational belief — the one my brain built from 20 years of lived data — was that being lean and food-free is normal.

Then I moved to the United States and gained 50 pounds in a single year. The same genes. The same person. Different environment, different cultural conditioning, different identity formation.

I tried American diets. I gained more weight. I lost those 50 pounds and fully recovered only after I quit the American approach to food entirely — and let the old identity reassert itself.

The advantage I have is not Asian genetics. The same genes that kept me lean in China enabled me to gain 50 pounds in America and lose them all again. The advantage is 20 years of lived proof that food freedom and a healthy body are compatible. Most Americans grew up in the opposite environment — watching everyone around them diet, restrict, overindulge, and fail — and their brain built the opposite belief.

What this proves is not a cultural preference. It is that the brain builds eating identity from repeated lived experience. Change the experience, and the identity rewrites itself.

Most Americans only know two modes: restricting or indulging. Starving or self-sabotaging. There’s no third option — no model for eating in a way that is simultaneously satisfying, simple, and metabolically optimizing.

Lean Instinct Formula™ teaches that third way. And the effect is immediate: when someone experiences weight loss while eating freely for the first time in their life — full satisfaction, no tracking, no restriction — it shatters the old belief. The deeply rooted conviction that “I can’t have food freedom and a lean body” collapses under the weight of direct experience.

That experience becomes new data. It feeds into the predictive coding. The brain starts seeing: “I’m capable of this.” Again and again. And that new self-perception begins projecting new behavior — automatically. The body takes over. The brain takes over. The instinct takes over.

“I’m not doing anything. I’m not doing a thing. But the weight is coming off.”
— Amanda, after completing Lean Instinct Formula™
What Lean Instinct Formula™ Does Replace the dieter identity with direct experience of a different reality. Teach a simple, stress-free, satisfying way to eat that makes both food freedom and weight loss the natural default. Build self-trust through lived proof — not affirmations, not willpower. When the new identity takes root and the body’s natural patterns are restored, the system runs itself. It’s not supposed to be a hustle. It’s not supposed to be a grind. It’s supposed to be about letting your body do the work while trusting yourself.

These three interacting systems — sensory, dopaminergic, and identity-level — form the foundation of the Lean Instinct Formula™ framework.

The Root-Level Solution

The Lean Instinct Formula™

The difference isn’t working harder. It’s working on the right thing.

EVERY OTHER APPROACH Pushing the car from behind resist cravings count calories avoid trigger foods track macros skip meals white-knuckle it suppress appetite exercise ban sugar fight triggers UPSTREAM WIRING Unchanged. Still broken. Symptoms keep regenerating. The faucet is still on. repeat Temporary. Exhausting. Repeated.
LEAN INSTINCT FORMULA™ Turning on the engine LIF engine REWIRE Sensory patterns REWIRE Cravings & dopamine REWIRE Identity & prediction SYMPTOMS DISSOLVE cravings overeating food noise bingeing sugar addiction shame night eating weight gain Not fought. Not managed. Gone — because the source is off. Permanent. Effortless. Automatic.

The clearest demonstration of root-level recalibration appears among elite athletes — where the margin between peak performance and decline is measured in fractions, and the body’s internal systems have to be functioning, not overridden.

World Record
Case Evidence · World’s #3 Rower for 500 Meters
They said peak was behind her.
She went back and got it.

A recent client of mine — a world-class athlete — and a textbook case of all three patterns operating at once:

01
Broken Sensory
Finished the plate every time
Missed satiety point consistently
Weight gain from chronic overeating
02
Hijacked Cravings
Sugar addiction — cakes, candies
Powerless in front of trigger foods
Emotions translated directly into eating
03
Identity Loop
Addictive overthinking and guilt about food
Year-long patterns that wouldn’t break
Multiple treatments tried — none resolved it
World #3 rower — Rise Lean client
#3 World Ranking
20 Extra Pounds
+ Bingeing
65 Years Old

All three patterns resolved. She lost the weight, achieved complete food freedom, and restored her peak competitive speed at 65 — years after the rowing world assumed she was done.

Inside the Process

What rewiring actually looks like.

In week five of Lean Instinct Formula™, we introduce the nightstand exercise. The client places what used to be her biggest addiction food — the one she couldn’t resist, the one she hid from herself, the one that represented total loss of control — on her nightstand. And she observes.

By this point, four weeks of rewiring have already happened. The same person going into the same scenario that used to destroy her is now experiencing that scenario — and herself, and food — completely differently.

Close to 90% of clients, by the time they reach the nightstand exercise, feel nothing. No urge. No negotiation. No internal battle. They go to bed. The food sits there. It’s irrelevant. The remaining 10% reach that point by week six or seven.

For many of them, this is the first time in 20 or 30 years they’ve experienced that kind of peace in front of food.

Week 1
Restriction removed. Eating blueprint introduced. Cravings begin to drop. Spontaneous weight loss often begins within the first weekend.
Week 2–3
Taste preferences begin shifting. Foods that once felt irresistible start tasting overly sweet. Interoceptive signals start returning — clients begin sensing genuine hunger and fullness, sometimes for the first time in decades.
Week 4
Food obsession disappears. The 3 hours a day spent thinking about food, diets, and regret — gone. Mental bandwidth returns. Clients describe feeling “lighter” before the scale changes.
Week 5
Nightstand exercise. Biggest addiction food placed within arm’s reach overnight. ~90% of clients report complete detachment — no urge, no anxiety, no negotiation. Total calm.
Week 7–10
Stress-free eating becomes automatic. Social events, travel, holidays — none of it disrupts the new pattern. Identity shift consolidates. Weight loss continues without effort, rules, or restriction. Average: 10–12 lbs by week 10. The system now runs itself.
“I think my brain has been rewired.”
— Fatima, Neuroscientist & Researcher
Back to the Question

Why the most disciplined people
still can’t solve this?

Because the qualities that made you successful are counter-effective here.

This is the part that changes everything for the people I work with.

When you run a company, you apply force. You execute. You track. You push harder when things stall. And it works — because that domain rewards effort.

This domain punishes it.

Every time you apply discipline to food, you deepen the avoidance loop. Every time you white-knuckle through a craving, you reinforce the predictive coding that says you have no control. Every time you restrict, you strengthen the amygdala threat response that treats food scarcity as a survival emergency.9 Every time you track and micromanage, you suppress the interoceptive system your body needs to self-regulate.

The difference between managing your team and resolving your relationship with food is fundamental. One requires you to push harder. The other requires you to restore a natural system — your satiety signals, your dopamine pathways, your sense of self — and then let it operate. Like the difference between pushing a car from behind and turning on the engine.

That’s the promise of the Lean Instinct Formula™. Not more effort. Less effort, because your body is finally doing the work it was always designed to do.

The Source Code Level Truth

Here’s one thing you don’t know about your brain which makes your pain inevitable at this moment:

You live by the prediction of your brain. And your brain’s one ultimate goal is to minimize the prediction error between what it predicts and what you experience.10 This is a mechanism called predictive coding.4 And it essentially means that when you’ve already established a prediction framework about how hungry you’ll feel in front of that food, how out of control you are in that restaurant, and how much anxiety you’ll carry before inevitably giving in — you will do exactly what it predicts and enforces. This is why the willpower game is the wrong solution for the wrong problem to begin with.

I don’t need to give you rules.

Predictions drive behavior.

Change the prediction —
the behavior changes with it.

Everything I’ve learned from neuroscience and more than a decade of coaching points to one principle:

Lean is an instinct.
Dieting overrides it.
Recalibration restores it.

The Lean Instinct Formula™

The Origin

How the Lean Instinct Formula™ was developed

In the early stage of my coaching career, I watched the same thing happen. A client would arrive — sharp, accomplished, disciplined in every other area of her life — and make real progress. Then she’d self-sabotage. Not because she didn’t understand the information. Not because she lacked willpower. But because something underneath kept pulling her back.

The first time it happened, I thought it was an outlier. By the twentieth, I knew I was looking at a pattern I didn’t yet have the tools to explain.

That gap — between what I could see happening and what I could explain — is what led me to pursue a Master’s in Neuroscience at King’s College London, home to the world’s #2 ranked Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience. I needed to understand the mechanism. Not the motivation. Not the emotion. The wiring.

What I found, across four years of formal study and over 400 client cases, was that the problem wasn’t complex. It was specific. The same three neurological systems — sensory calibration, dopamine-driven craving, and identity-level predictive coding — were interacting in the same way, in every person, regardless of intelligence, discipline, or background.

The Lean Instinct Formula™ is the synthesis of that research and those cases. It isn’t a diet program with neuroscience language attached. It’s a framework built from the ground up to resolve the three patterns that generate food behavior — so the body can do what it was always designed to do.

Leslie Chen — Creator of the Lean Instinct Formula™

Leslie Chen

Creator of the Lean Instinct Formula™ · 10 years of root-level food pattern transformation

The GLP-1 Question

A non-pharmacological path to the outcomes
people seek from medication.

Many of my clients come in either considering GLP-1 medication, currently taking it, or having hit a plateau on it. The question underneath is always the same: is there a way to get these outcomes — quieter cravings, less food noise, more stable hunger, earlier satiety — without depending on a drug indefinitely?

The answer is yes. But the mechanisms are different.

GLP-1 Medications Can reduce appetite and food noise while being used. But unless the underlying learned food patterns also change, many people still need another path for long-term behavioral regulation.
Lean Instinct Formula™ Restores the sensory, dopaminergic, and interoceptive systems that regulate appetite naturally. Taste preferences shift. Cravings dissolve at the source. Satiety signals recalibrate. The outcomes persist because the wiring itself has changed.

The functional outcomes overlap. Clients in Lean Instinct Formula™ consistently experience reduced cravings, earlier and more comfortable satiety, shifted taste preferences (foods that once felt irresistible begin to taste overly sweet or unappealing), automatic portion reduction, and the disappearance of food noise between meals.

The difference is sustainability. GLP-1s alter appetite signaling for as long as you take them. Lean Instinct Formula™ rewires the patterns that generate the appetite dysfunction in the first place. We don’t sedate hunger. We rebalance it.

Relevant Case Study

One of our clients — a pharma executive who had spent over 40 years in addictive eating patterns — had a conversation with someone who had lost 40 pounds on GLP-1 medication, while she herself was losing weight naturally at about a pound per week.

“What she described taking that drug is what we’ve been doing naturally in this program — without the drug.”

Joanna · Pharma Executive · Age 49 · Lost 1 lb/week naturally · 40-year food addiction gone in 10 weeks

Joanna — pharma executive on GLP-1 vs natural rewiring
Watch Her Story
Joanna · Pharma Executive · Age 49

If you’ve been solving this like a discipline problem —
and now see it differently — let’s talk.

Book Your Free Clarity Call
No pressure. Just clarity.

Selected References

Interoception & Internal State Sensing
  1. Geliebter, A. (1988). Gastric distension and gastric capacity in relation to food intake in humans. Physiology & Behavior, 44(4–5), 665–668. doi:10.1016/0031-9384(88)90333-2
  2. Tylka, T. L. (2006). Development and psychometric evaluation of a measure of intuitive eating. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(2), 226–240. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.2.226
  3. Craig, A. D. (2002). How do you feel? Interoception: The sense of the physiological condition of the body. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3(8), 655–666. doi:10.1038/nrn894
Predictive Coding & Expectation-Driven Behavior
  1. Clark, A. (2013). Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 36(3), 181–204. doi:10.1017/S0140525X12000477
  2. Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford University Press.
Dopamine, Obesity & Addiction Overlap
  1. Wang, G.-J., Volkow, N. D., Logan, J., Pappas, N. R., Wong, C. T., Zhu, W., … & Fowler, J. S. (2001). Brain dopamine and obesity. The Lancet, 357(9253), 354–357. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03643-6
  2. Volkow, N. D., Wang, G.-J., Tomasi, D., & Baler, R. D. (2013). Obesity and addiction: Neurobiological overlaps. Obesity Reviews, 14(1), 2–18. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01031.x
Stress, Restriction & Food Intake
  1. Craske, M. G., Treanor, M., Conway, C. C., Zbozinek, T., & Vervliet, B. (2014). Maximizing exposure therapy: An inhibitory learning approach. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 58, 10–23. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.04.006
  2. Tomiyama, A. J. (2019). Stress and dieting: A recipe for accelerated food intake. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 103, 218–226. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.013
  3. Friston, K. (2010). The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11, 127–138. doi:10.1038/nrn2787